The story of ivermectin originated in 1974, when scientist Satoshi Omura discovered Streptomyces avermitilis, which later led to the isolation of an active compound, avermectin and finally, ivermectin . Ivermectin, which consists of two…

Abstract As of 2023, more than 200 million people worldwide are living with osteoporosis. Oral bisphosphonates (BPs) are the primary treatment but can cause gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, reducing patient compliance. Microarray…

This research presents the efficacy of polymeric microneedles in improving the transdermal permeation of methotrexate across human skin. These microneedles were fabricated from PLGA Expansorb® 50-2A and 50-8A and subjected to comprehensive…

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that results from abnormal levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. Risperidone (RIS) is a common drug prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia. RIS is a hydrophobic drug that is typically…

The main active cannabinoids in extracts of Cannabis sativa L., cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), are known for their pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, psychedelic, anti-cancer,…

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease primarily impacting neurons responsible for dopamine production within the brain. Pramipexole (PRA) is a dopamine agonist that is currently available in tablet form.…

Hydrogel-forming microneedles (HF-MNs) are composed of unique cross-linked polymers that are devoid of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) within the microneedle array. Instead, the API is housed in a reservoir affixed on the top of…

To avoid adverse effects associated with non-site-specific delivery and target major signaling pathways responsible for the inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, the current study aims to formulate and evaluate the transdermally…

Abstract Acyclovir (ACV) is an antiviral drug that is primarily used to treat herpes zoster virus (HSV) infections. HSV infections in deeper regions of the skin, i.e., nerve junctions, and appeared as a red spot on the upper part of the…

Abstract Medical practitioners commonly use oral and parenteral dosage forms to administer drugs to patients. However, these forms have certain drawbacks, particularly concerning patients’ comfort and compliance. Transdermal drug delivery…