Role of the Encapsulation in Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds
Plant-derived phenolic compounds have multiple positive health effects for humans attributed to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties, etc. These effects strongly depend on their bioavailability in the organism. Bioaccessibility, and consequently bioavailability of phenolic compounds significantly depend on the structure and form in which they are introduced into the organism, e.g., through a complex food matrix or as purified isolates. Furthermore, phenolic compounds interact with other macromolecules (proteins, lipids, dietary fibers, polysaccharides) in food or during digestion, which significantly influences their bioaccessibility in the organism, but due to the complexity of the mechanisms through which phenolic compounds act in the organism this area has still not been examined sufficiently.
Simulated gastrointestinal digestion is one of the commonly used in vitro test for the assessment of phenolic compounds bioaccessibility. Encapsulation is a method that can positively affect bioaccessibility and bioavailability as it ensures the coating of the active component and its targeted delivery to a specific part of the digestive tract and controlled release. This comprehensive review aims to present the role of encapsulation in bioavailability of phenolic compounds as well as recent advances in coating materials used in encapsulation processes. The review is based on 258 recent literature references.
Download the full publication: Role of the Encapsulation in Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds
or continue reading here: Grgić, J.; Šelo, G.; Planinić, M.; Tišma, M.; Bucić-Kojić, A. Role of the Encapsulation in Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 923.
Check the encapsulation materials and methods in the following tables as of this publication
Encapsulation of phenolic acids and stilbenes
| Core Material | Wall Material | Encapsulation Method |
|---|---|---|
| ferulic acid | chitosan-tripolyphosphate pentasodium | ionic gelation |
| ferulic acid | poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) | double emulsion |
| caffeic acid | poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) | emulsion |
| syringic acid | D-Alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) | thin-film dispersion |
| trans-resveratrol | zein | electrospraying |
| trans-resveratrol | poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) | precipitation |
Encapsulation of flavonoids
| Flavonoid Category | Core Material | Wall Material | Encapsulation Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| flavanols | quercetin | chitosan | ionic gelation |
| flavanols | quercetin | poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) | emulsion diffusion evaporation |
| flavanols | quercetin | soluplus micelles | film dispersion |
| flavanols | quercetin | linseed oil, GMS, P6, Tween 80, 1,1-propylene glycol | high pressure homogenization |
| flavanols | quercetin | poly-D,L-lactide (PLA) | solvent evaporation |
| flavanols | quercetin | glycerol monostearate (GMS), medium chaintriglycerides (MCT), soy lecithin | emulsifying and solidifying |
| flavanols | quercetin | zein, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin | spray-drying |
| flavanols | quercetin | casein, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin | coacervation |
| flavanols | quercetin | poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) | solvent displacement |
| flavanols | quercetin | ethylcellulose | precipitation |
| flavanols | quercetin | soy lecithin, glyceryl tridecanoate, glyceryl tripalmitate, vitamin E acetate, Kolliphor HS15 | phase inversion |
| flavanols | quercetin | (β-CD)-dodecylcarbonate | freeze-drying |
| flavanols | kaempferol | chitosan, sodium tripolyphosphate | ionic gelation |
| flavanols | kaempferol | lecithin–chitosan | electrostatic self-assembly |
| flavanols | fisetin | DOPC, cholesterol, DODA-PEG2000 | liposomes |
| flavanols | fisetin | PLGA (poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid), HPβCD (hydroxyl propyl beta cyclodextrin) | emulsion, freeze drying |
| flavones | tangeretin | zein | emulsion |
| flavones | apigenin | soybean oil, Tween 80 | in vitro digestion, in vivo pharmacokinetics |
| flavones | rutin | chitosan | ionic gelation |
| flavanones | naringenin | phospholipid, cholesterol, sodium cholate, and isopropyl myristate | liposomes by thin-film dispersion |
| flavan-3-ols | epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | gum arabic, maltodextrin | spray drying |
| flavan-3-ols | epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | chitosan-tripolyphosphate | freeze-drying |
| flavan-3-ols | catechin hydrate | phosphatidylcholine (PC) | liposomes |
| flavan-3-ols | catechin hydrate | horse chestnut, water chestnut and lotus stem starch | freeze drying |
| flavan-3-ols | green tea catechins | soy protein | emulsion |
| flavan-3-ols | green tea catechins | vitamin C and xylitol, γ-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate | film-forming |
| flavan-3-ols | green tea catechins | hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate | coating |
| flavan-3-ols | tea catechins | corn oil and polysorbate 80 | emulsion |
| isoflavones | daidzein | phospholipid | film-homogenization |
| isoflavones | genistein | Soluplus® and Vitamin E d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) | organic solvent evaporation |
Encapsulation of anthocyanins
| Core Material* | Wall Material | Encapsulation Method |
|---|---|---|
| blackberry purees | β-cyclodextrin | molecular inclusion |
| saffron anthocyanins | β-glucan and β-cyclodextrin | spray drying |
| Vaccinium ashei extracts | whey protein isolate | spray drying |
| Bryophyllum pinnatumextract | β-cyclodextrin | emulsion |
| bran extract | maltodextrin, gum arabic, whey protein isolate | spray drying |
| bran extract | alginate-whey protein isolate | ionic gelation |
| sour cherries skins extract | whey proteins isolate | freeze-drying |
| bilberry extract | whey protein, citrus pectin | emulsification and thermal gelation |
| anthocyanins standards mixture | cyclodextrins | freeze-drying |
| anthocyanins standards mixture | chitosan hydrochloride, carboxymethyl chitosan, β-Lactoglobulin | ionic gelation |
| bilberry extract | pectin amide | extrusion |
| bilberry extract | pectin amide with an additional shellac coating | emulsification/heat gelation |
| bilberry extract | whey proteins | spray drying |
| black carrot extract | polycaprolactone | double emulsion |
| black carrot extract | cholesterol and non-ionic surfactant (Tween 20) | niosome method |
| mulberry-extracted anthocyanin | alginate/chitosan | spray drying and external gelation |
| red pepper waste | whey protein | spray drying and freeze-drying |
| bilberry extract | whey protein isolate | gelation |
* Source of anthocyanins
Keywords: bioaccessibility; simulated gastrointestinal digestion; target delivery; controlled release; encapsulation techniques; coating materials