Role of the Encapsulation in Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds

Plant-derived phenolic compounds have multiple positive health effects for humans attributed to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties, etc. These effects strongly depend on their bioavailability in the organism. Bioaccessibility, and consequently bioavailability of phenolic compounds significantly depend on the structure and form in which they are introduced into the organism, e.g., through a complex food matrix or as purified isolates. Furthermore, phenolic compounds interact with other macromolecules (proteins, lipids, dietary fibers, polysaccharides) in food or during digestion, which significantly influences their bioaccessibility in the organism, but due to the complexity of the mechanisms through which phenolic compounds act in the organism this area has still not been examined sufficiently.

Simulated gastrointestinal digestion is one of the commonly used in vitro test for the assessment of phenolic compounds bioaccessibility. Encapsulation is a method that can positively affect bioaccessibility and bioavailability as it ensures the coating of the active component and its targeted delivery to a specific part of the digestive tract and controlled release. This comprehensive review aims to present the role of encapsulation in bioavailability of phenolic compounds as well as recent advances in coating materials used in encapsulation processes. The review is based on 258 recent literature references.

Download the full publication: Role of the Encapsulation in Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds

or continue reading here: Grgić, J.; Šelo, G.; Planinić, M.; Tišma, M.; Bucić-Kojić, A. Role of the Encapsulation in Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 923.

Check the encapsulation materials and methods in the following tables as of this publication

Encapsulation of phenolic acids and stilbenes

Core Material	Wall Material	Encapsulation Method
ferulic acid	chitosan-tripolyphosphate pentasodium	ionic gelation
ferulic acid	poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)	double emulsion
caffeic acid	poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)	emulsion
syringic acid	D-Alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)	thin-film dispersion
trans-resveratrol	zein	electrospraying
trans-resveratrol	poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)	precipitation

Encapsulation of flavonoids

Flavonoid Category	Core Material	Wall Material	Encapsulation Method
flavanols	quercetin	chitosan	ionic gelation
flavanols	quercetin	poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)	emulsion diffusion evaporation
flavanols	quercetin	soluplus micelles	film dispersion
flavanols	quercetin	linseed oil, GMS, P6, Tween 80, 1,1-propylene glycol	high pressure homogenization
flavanols	quercetin	poly-D,L-lactide (PLA)	solvent evaporation
flavanols	quercetin	glycerol monostearate (GMS), medium chaintriglycerides (MCT), soy lecithin	emulsifying and solidifying
flavanols	quercetin	zein, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin	spray-drying
flavanols	quercetin	casein, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin	coacervation
flavanols	quercetin	poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)	solvent displacement
flavanols	quercetin	ethylcellulose	precipitation
flavanols	quercetin	soy lecithin, glyceryl tridecanoate, glyceryl tripalmitate, vitamin E acetate, Kolliphor HS15	phase inversion
flavanols	quercetin	(β-CD)-dodecylcarbonate	freeze-drying
flavanols	kaempferol	chitosan, sodium tripolyphosphate	ionic gelation
flavanols	kaempferol	lecithin–chitosan	electrostatic self-assembly
flavanols	fisetin	DOPC, cholesterol, DODA-PEG2000	liposomes
flavanols	fisetin	PLGA (poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid), HPβCD (hydroxyl propyl beta cyclodextrin)	emulsion, freeze drying
flavones	tangeretin	zein	emulsion
flavones	apigenin	soybean oil, Tween 80	in vitro digestion, in vivo pharmacokinetics
flavones	rutin	chitosan	ionic gelation
flavanones	naringenin	phospholipid, cholesterol, sodium cholate, and isopropyl myristate	liposomes by thin-film dispersion
flavan-3-ols	epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)	gum arabic, maltodextrin	spray drying
flavan-3-ols	epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)	chitosan-tripolyphosphate	freeze-drying
flavan-3-ols	catechin hydrate	phosphatidylcholine (PC)	liposomes
flavan-3-ols	catechin hydrate	horse chestnut, water chestnut and lotus stem starch	freeze drying
flavan-3-ols	green tea catechins	soy protein	emulsion
flavan-3-ols	green tea catechins	vitamin C and xylitol, γ-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate	film-forming
flavan-3-ols	green tea catechins	hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate	coating
flavan-3-ols	tea catechins	corn oil and polysorbate 80	emulsion
isoflavones	daidzein	phospholipid	film-homogenization
isoflavones	genistein	Soluplus® and Vitamin E d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)	organic solvent evaporation

Encapsulation of anthocyanins

Core Material*	Wall Material	Encapsulation Method
blackberry purees	β-cyclodextrin	molecular inclusion
saffron anthocyanins	β-glucan and β-cyclodextrin	spray drying
Vaccinium ashei extracts	whey protein isolate	spray drying
Bryophyllum pinnatumextract	β-cyclodextrin	emulsion
bran extract	maltodextrin, gum arabic, whey protein isolate	spray drying
bran extract	alginate-whey protein isolate	ionic gelation
sour cherries skins extract	whey proteins isolate	freeze-drying
bilberry extract	whey protein, citrus pectin	emulsification and thermal gelation
anthocyanins standards mixture	cyclodextrins	freeze-drying
anthocyanins standards mixture	chitosan hydrochloride, carboxymethyl chitosan, β-Lactoglobulin	ionic gelation
bilberry extract	pectin amide	extrusion
bilberry extract	pectin amide with an additional shellac coating	emulsification/heat gelation
bilberry extract	whey proteins	spray drying
black carrot extract	polycaprolactone	double emulsion
black carrot extract	cholesterol and non-ionic surfactant (Tween 20)	niosome method
mulberry-extracted anthocyanin	alginate/chitosan	spray drying and external gelation
red pepper waste	whey protein	spray drying and freeze-drying
bilberry extract	whey protein isolate	gelation

* Source of anthocyanins

Keywords: bioaccessibility; simulated gastrointestinal digestion; target delivery; controlled release; encapsulation techniques; coating materials