Acetaminophen Synthesis and Encapsulation using Safe Mixed-Solvents and Solution Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical CO2
Acetaminophen (ACMP) was synthesized in mixed-solvents (H2O-acetone, H2O-dimethyl sulfoxide, H2O-isopropyl alcohol) for purposes of eliminating hazardous dipolar aprotic solvents. The H2O-acetone solvent-pair gave synthesized ACMP yields of 79.2%. Synthesized ACMP samples were encapsulated using solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO2 (SEDS) at 150 bar, 45 °C, 1.5 mL/min feed flow rate (30 mg ACMP/mL in mixed-solvent), CO2 flow rate of 15 L/min (1 bar, 25 °C) in which suitable products could not be formed with PEG-4000 excipient at ACMP:PEG ratios of 1:1 with mixed-solvents, however, with ethyl cellulose (EC) excipient at ACMP:EC ratios of 1:1 and ethanol-acetone mixed-solvent (x:y, v/v, x = 1 to 9, y = 9 to 1), encapsulated products could be formed over the full range of mixed-solvent compositions.
Highlights
- Chemical synthesis of acetaminophen (ACMP, >79% yield) with water:acetone mixtures
- ACMP particle encapsulation with SEDS: PEG-4000 fails; ethyl cellulose (EC) succeeds
- ACMP reliably encapsulated with EC using SEDS – ethanol:acetone mixed-solvents
- Encapsulation yields >80% for SEDS using ethanol:acetone (1:1) (v/v) mixed-solvents
- Ethyl cellulose encapsulated acetaminophen particles (258 nm) had ~100% purity
ACMP encapsulated fine particles had purities as high as 99.9% demonstrating that SEDS with safe mixed-solvents can broaden methods available for encapsulating pharmaceuticals.
Tariqul Islam, Md. Zaidul Islam Sarker, ABM Helal Uddin, Richard Lee Smith,
Acetaminophen Synthesis and Encapsulation using Safe Mixed-Solvents and Solution Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical CO2,
The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2022, 105669, ISSN 0896-8446,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105669.