The General Court annuls the Commission Delegated Regulation of 2019 in so far as it concerns the harmonised classification and labelling of titanium dioxide as a carcinogenic substance by inhalation in certain powder forms
Judgment of the General Court in Joined Cases T-279/20, T-288/20 and T-283/20 | CWS Powder Coatings
and Others v Commission
First, the Commission made a manifest error in its assessment of the reliability and acceptability of the study on which the classification was based and, second, it infringed the criterion according to which that classification can relate only to a substance that has the intrinsic property to cause cancer.
Titanium dioxide is an inorganic chemical substance used, in particular in the form of a white pigment, for its
colourant and covering properties in various products, ranging from paints to medicinal products and toys. In 2016,
the competent French authority submitted to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) a proposal to classify titanium
dioxide as a carcinogenic substance. 1 The following year, ECHA’s Committee for Risk Assessment (‘the RAC’) adopted an opinion classifying titanium dioxide as a category 2 carcinogen, including the hazard statement ‘H 351
(inhalation)’.
On the basis of the RAC Opinion, the European Commission adopted Regulation 2020/217, 2 by which it proceeded
with the harmonised classification and labelling of titanium dioxide, recognising that that substance was suspected
of being carcinogenic to humans, by inhalation, in powder form containing 1% or more of particles of a diameter
equal to or below 10 μm.
The applicants, in their capacity as manufacturers, importers, downstream users or suppliers of titanium dioxide,
brought actions before the General Court for the partial annulment of Regulation 2020/217.
By its judgment, delivered in a chamber sitting in extended composition in three joined cases, 3 the General Court annuls the contested regulation in so far as it concerns the harmonised classification and labelling of titanium dioxide. On that occasion, it rules on novel questions alleging manifest errors of assessment and infringement of the criteria established for harmonised classification and labelling under Regulation No 1272/2008 as regards, first,
the reliability and acceptability of the scientific study on which the classification was based and, second, compliance with the classification criterion laid down by that regulation, according to which the substance must have the
intrinsic property to cause cancer. 4
Findings of the Court
In the first place, the General Court holds that, in the present case, the requirement to base the classification of
a carcinogenic substance on reliable and acceptable studies was not satisfied.
In recognising that the results of a scientific study on which it based its opinion on the classification and labelling of
titanium dioxide were sufficiently reliable, relevant and adequate for assessing the carcinogenic potential of that
substance, the RAC committed a manifest error of assessment. Specifically, in order to verify the degree of lung
overload of titanium dioxide particles in that scientific study in order to assess carcinogenicity, the RAC used a
density value corresponding to the density of unagglomerated primary particles of titanium dioxide, which is always
higher than the density of the agglomerates of nano-sized particles of that substance. However, in so doing, it did
not take into account all the relevant factors in order to calculate the lung overload during the scientific study at
issue, namely the characteristics of the particles tested in that scientific study, the fact that those particles tend to
agglomerate and the fact that the density of the agglomerates of particles was lower than the particle density and
that, for that reason, those agglomerates occupied more volume in the lungs. Thus, the RAC’s findings that the lung
overload in the scientific study at issue was acceptable were implausible.
Consequently, in so far as, for the purposes of the harmonised classification and labelling of titanium dioxide, the
Commission based the contested regulation on the RAC Opinion and thus followed the RAC’s conclusion as to the
reliability and acceptability of the results of the scientific study at issue, which constituted a decisive study for the
classification proposal for titanium dioxide, it made the same manifest error of assessment as the RAC.
In the second place, the General Court finds that the contested classification and labelling infringed the criterion according to which the classification of a substance as carcinogenic can apply only to a substance that has the intrinsic property to cause cancer.
In that context, in view of the fact that, under Regulation No 1272/2008, harmonised classification and labelling of a
substance as carcinogenic may be based only on the intrinsic properties of the substance which determine its
intrinsic capacity to cause cancer, the General Court goes on to interpret the concept of ‘intrinsic properties’. In that
regard, it states that, although that concept does not appear in Regulation No 1272/2008, it must be interpreted in
its literal sense as referring to the ‘properties which a substance has in and of itself’, which is consistent, inter alia,
with the objectives and purpose of harmonised classification and labelling under that regulation.
In addition, it notes that the contested classification and labelling are intended to identify and notify a carcinogenic hazard of titanium dioxide which, in the RAC Opinion, was classified as ‘non-intrinsic in a classical sense’. The General Court states that that ‘non-intrinsic in the classical sense’ nature stems from several
factors, referred to both in that opinion and in the contested regulation. The carcinogenicity hazard is linked
solely to certain respirable titanium dioxide particles, when they are present in a certain form, physical
state, size and quantity, it occurs only in lung overload conditions and corresponds to particle toxicity.
The General Court therefore concludes that, by upholding the conclusion contained in the RAC Opinion that the
mode of action of carcinogenicity on which that committee relied could not be regarded as intrinsic toxicity in the
classical sense, but which had to be taken into consideration in the context of harmonised classification and
labelling under Regulation No 1272/2008, the Commission committed a manifest error of assessment.
The General Court states that the examples of classification and labelling of other substances, relied on in order to
compare them with the classification and labelling of titanium dioxide, illustrate only cases in which, even though
the form and size of the particles were taken into account, certain properties specific to the substances were nevertheless decisive for their classification, which does not correspond to the case here.
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NOTE: An action for annulment seeks the annulment of acts of the institutions of the European Union that are
contrary to EU law. The Member States, the European institutions and individuals may, under certain conditions,
bring an action for annulment before the Court of Justice or the General Court. If the action is well founded, the act
is annulled. The institution concerned must fill any legal vacuum created by the annulment of the act.
NOTE: An appeal, limited to points of law only, may be brought before the Court of Justice against the decision of
the General Court within two months and ten days of notification of the decision.
Unofficial document for media use, not binding on the General Court.
The full text of the judgment is published on the CURIA website on the day of delivery.
Press contact: Jacques René Zammit (+352) 4303 3355
Source: press release Court of Justice of the European Union