Functional dry powders of connexin-containing extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising drug delivery system. Connectosomes are a specialized type of EVs that contain connexins in their membranes. Connexin is a surface transmembrane protein that forms connexin hemichannels. When a connexin hemichannel on a connectosome docks with another connexin hemichannel of a target cell, they form a gap junction that allows direct intracellular delivery of therapeutic cargos from within the connectosome to the cytoplasm of the recipient cell. In the present study, we tested the feasibility of converting connectosomes into dry powders by (thin-film) freeze-drying to enable their potential storage in temperatures higher than the recommended −80 °C, while maintaining their activity.

Connectosomes were isolated from a genetically engineered HeLa cell line that overexpressing connexin-43 subunit protein tagged with red fluorescence protein. To facilitate the testing of the function of the connectosomes, they were loaded with calcein green dye. Calcein green-loaded connectosomes were thin-film freeze-dried with trehalose alone or trehalose and a polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer as lyoprotectant(s) to produce amorphous powders with high glass transition temperatures (>100 °C). Thin-film freeze-drying did not significantly change the morphology and structure of the connectosomes, nor their particle size distribution. Based on data from confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorescence spectrometry, the connexin hemichannels in the connectosomes reconstituted from the thin-film freeze-dried powder remained functional, allowing the passage of calcein green through the hemichannels and the release of the calcein green from the connectosomes when the channels were opened by chelating calcium in the reconstituted medium.

The function of connectosomes was assessed after one month storage at different temperatures. The connexin hemichannels in connectosomes in liquid lost their function when stored at −19.5 ± 2.2 °C or 6.0 ± 0.5 °C for a month, while those in dry powder form remained functional under the same storage conditions. Finally, using doxorubicin-loaded connectosomes, we showed that the connectosomes reconstituted from thin-film freeze-dried powder remained pharmacologically active. These findings demonstrate that (thin-film) freeze-drying represents a viable method to prepare stable and functional powders of EVs that contain connexins in their membranes.

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Materials

Sodium chloride was from MP biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA). The 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and acetonitrile were from Fisher Chemical (Pittsburgh, PA). Calcium chloride anhydrous, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), trehalose dihydrate, doxorubicin hydrochloride, formic acid, and Atto 488 NHS ester were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl)-N, N, N’, N’-tetra acetic acid (EGTA) and Amicon regenerated cellulose ultrafiltration.

Mahmoud S. Hanafy, Michael A. Sandoval, Huy M Dao, Robert O. Williams, Jeanne C. Stachowiak, Zhengrong Cui,
Functional dry powders of connexin-containing extracellular vesicles, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 663, 2024, 124576, ISSN 0378-5173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124576.