Machine Learning and Machine Vision Accelerate 3D Printed Orodispersible Film Development
Orodispersible films (ODFs) are an attractive delivery system for a myriad of clinical applications and possess both large economical and clinical rewards. However, the manufacturing of ODFs does not adhere to contemporary paradigms of personalised, on-demand medicine, nor sustainable manufacturing. To address these shortcomings, both three-dimensional (3D) printing and machine learning (ML) were employed to provide on-demand manufacturing and quality control checks of ODFs. Direct ink writing (DIW) was able to fabricate complex ODF shapes, with thicknesses of less than 100 µm. ML algorithms were explored to classify the ODFs according to their active ingredient, by using their near-infrared (NIR) spectrums.
A supervised model of linear discriminant analysis was found to provide 100% accuracy in classifying ODFs. A subsequent partial least square algorithm was applied to verify the dose, where a coefficient of determination of 0.96, 0.99 and 0.98 was obtained for ODFs of paracetamol, caffeine, and theophylline, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the combination of 3D printing, NIR and ML can result in a rapid production and verification of ODFs. Additionally, a machine vision tool was used to automate the in vitro testing. These collective digital technologies demonstrate the potential to automate the ODF workflow
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About this article: O’Reilly, C.S.; Elbadawi, M.; Desai, N.; Gaisford, S.; Basit, A.W.; Orlu, M. Machine Learning and Machine Vision Accelerate 3D Printed Orodispersible Film Development. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 2187. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122187
Materials
Blanose Carboxymethyl Cellulose Type 7HF-PH (725 kDa) was provided by Ashland (Wilmington, DE, USA). Acetaminophen (paracetamol) powder (A5000-1KG), caffeine powder (W222402-1KG-K), theophylline powder (T1633-1KG), and Patent Blue V sodium salt for microscopy (21605-25G) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Gillingham, UK).
O’Reilly, C.S.; Elbadawi, M.; Desai, N.; Gaisford, S.; Basit, A.W.; Orlu, M. Machine Learning and Machine Vision Accelerate 3D Printed Orodispersible Film Development. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 2187. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122187