Evaluation of Permeability, Safety, and Stability of Nanosized Ketoprofen Co-Spray-Dried with Mannitol for Carrier-Free Pulmonary Systems

Abstract

Pulmonary drug delivery presents a promising approach for managing respiratory diseases, enabling localized drug deposition and minimizing systemic side effects. Building upon previous research, this study investigates the cytotoxicity, permeability, and stability of a novel carrier-free dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation comprising nanosized ketoprofen (KTP) and mannitol (MNT). The formulation was prepared using wet media milling to produce KTP-nanosuspensions, followed by spray drying to achieve combined powders suitable for inhalation. Cell viability and permeability were conducted in both alveolar (A549) and bronchial (CFBE) models.

Stability was assessed after storage in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) capsules under stress conditions (40 °C, 75% RH), as per ICH guidelines. KTP showed good penetration through both models, with lower permeability through the CFBE barrier. The MNT-containing sample (F1) increased permeability by 1.4-fold in A549. All formulations had no effect on cell barrier integrity or viability after the impedance test, confirming their safety. During stability assessment, the particle size remained consistent, and the partially amorphous state of KTP was retained over time. However, moisture absorption induced surface roughening and partial agglomeration, leading to reduced fine particle fraction (FPF) and emitted fraction (EF).

Despite these changes, the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) remained stable, confirming the formulation’s continued applicability for pulmonary delivery. Future research should focus on optimizing excipient content, alternative capsule materials, and storage conditions to mitigate moisture-related issues. Hence, the findings demonstrate that the developed ketoprofen–mannitol DPI retains its quality and performance characteristics over an extended period, making it a viable option for pulmonary drug delivery.

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Materials

KTP (TCI Chemicals, Shanghai, China) served as the model drug. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (ISP Customer Service GmbH, Cologne, Germany) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (VWR Chemicals, Leuven, Belgium) functioned as the stabilizers. Mannitol (Mo-lar Chemicals Ltd., Budapest, Hungary) and leucine (AppliChem GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) were incorporated into the spray drying process. The distilled water used throughout the study was sourced from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). All reagents used in cell line measurements were purchased from Merck Life Sciences Ltd., Budapest, Hungary, unless otherwise indicated.

Banat, H.; Gróf, I.; Deli, M.A.; Ambrus, R.; Csóka, I. Evaluation of Permeability, Safety, and Stability of Nanosized Ketoprofen Co-Spray-Dried with Mannitol for Carrier-Free Pulmonary Systems. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031547